Determinants of bather hygiene in public swimming pools: a mixed-methods analysis of online discussion comments.

Swimming in public pools can expose bathers to microbiological (e.g., Cryptosporidium) and chemical (e.g., disinfection by-product) hazards, which can lead to recreational water illness. Adequate hygienic behaviours among bathers are important to reduce these risks. However, prior studies have found low compliance with pre-swim showering and avoidance of urinating in pools. We conducted a mixed-methods analysis of online discussion comments to identify key determinants of these two behaviours. We identified relevant discussion threads on Reddit, Quora, and swimming forums. Identified comments were classified as having a positive or negative sentiment towards the behaviour, and they were thematically analyzed according to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). We analyzed 986 comments from 45 threads; 49.8% of comments were classified as expressing a positive sentiment towards the behaviour. Positive sentiments were more commonly expressed towards pre-swim showering compared to avoidance of urinating in pools (60.1 vs. 47.1%). Eleven themes were identified across the following eight TDF domains: beliefs about consequences (n = 362 comments), social influences (n = 298), beliefs about capabilities (n = 240), social/professional role and identity (n = 144), knowledge (n = 138), emotions (n = 137), reinforcement (n = 78), and environmental context and resources (n = 33). Results can help to inform targeted educational and outreach strategies with bathers to encourage increased adoption of hygienic behaviours.

Preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in rehabilitation pools and therapeutic water environments.

SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. It can be retrieved in faeces but there is no evidence of faecal-oral transmission, which is the main route of contamination in recreational waters. Standard cleaning and disinfecting procedures, microbiological control and health rules aim to prevent infectious risk regardless of the micro-organisms. In the context of progressive lockdown exit and hospital activities recovery, we assessed the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in rehabilitation pools and therapeutic water environments in order to provide specific recommendations to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 while ensuring essential rehabilitation care for patients.

Swimming Pool safety and prevention at the time of Covid-19: a consensus document from GSMS-SItI.

Public health measures to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic, imposed also a shutdown of sports facilities and swimming pools. Safety issues related to recreational waters were emerging during the lockdown, rising concerns on how and when reopening pools and on how improve their management while SARS-CoV-2 is circulating in the population. The GSMS-SItI, Working Group on Movement Sciences for Health of the Italian Society of Hygiene Preventive Medicine and Public Health, discussed and summarized some indications for a suitable preventive approach. Several measures are highlighted, including social distancing, optimized water management, airflow and microclimatic parameters in the pool as well in the annexed rooms, verification of sanitation procedures. The GSMS-SItI underlines that prevention should be based on monitoring of the local epidemiological situation and on the constant collaboration with the local health authority and the national health service.

Precise exposure assessment revealed the cancer risk and disease burden caused by trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in Shanghai indoor swimming pool water.

Swimming pool disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are becoming increasingly common worldwide. Precise exposure and health risk assessment for DBPs in swimming pool water with optimized parameters for local and specific population is more urgently needed. This study aimed to determine the levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in 16 public indoor swimming pools in Shanghai, China. Swimming habits were also investigated to obtain more accurate exposure assessment parameters. Precise exposure assessment through multiple pathways, resulting cancer risk, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were assessed. Results indicated that the highest total level of THMs and HAAs occurred in autumn. The surveyed swimmers 9-17 years of age had higher average daily dose (ADD) of DBPs than swimmers ≥18 years of age. The total lifetime cancer risk (LCR) attributable to THMs and HAAs exceeded 10-6, which represents a negligible risk level (NRL). The cancer risk from inhalation exposure predominantly by THMs contributed more than 99% of the total risk. Annual disease burden was 19.0 person-years attributed to exposure of DBPs in swimming pool water in Shanghai. This study provides a paradigm and strategic reference of precise exposure assessments, risk assessments, and disease burden estimation of hazards in swimming pool water for other regions.

Investigation of the Physical, Chemical Characteristics and Microbial Contamination of the Indoor Swimming Pools

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the physical, chemical and microbiological contamination of indoor swimming pools. Methods: Pool water specimens were collected using a plastic polypropylene sterilized bottle. The physical and chemical qualities of the waters were analyzed in terms of temperature, turbidity, pH, and free residual chlorine, with the standard methods for the examination of water. Bacteriological (routine methods) and parasitological (molecular methods) tests were carried out on pools water. Results: The mean temperature, pH, and residual chlorine of the indoor pools were 31.2 °C, 7.6 and 1.5 mg/L, respectively. Turbidity was not observed in any of the pools. The pH and temperature values were in standard ranges in 92.3% and 15.4% of the waters of swimming pools, respectively. The prevalence rates of bacterial and amoebic contaminations of the water in the swimming pools were 53.8% and 46.2%, respectively. One pool (7.7%) was contaminated with both bacteria and amoeba. Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Cryptosporidium and Bacillus spp. were isolated from the pool waters. Conclusion: In this study, some microorganisms were identified from the water pools. Effective management of swimming pools and proper control of the physical, chemical and microbiological property of water pools can produce the healthy recreational activity.

An innovative swimming pool water quality index (SPWQI) to monitor and evaluate the pools: design and compilation of computational model.

This research aimed to develop an index known as swimming pool water quality index (SPWQI) for quantifying the water pollution potential. The index is a quantitative tool to show the data on the water quality of swimming pools consistently. It makes summarizing the complex data on water quality possible and paves the way for its communication to the general public and decision makers. In this study, the SPWQI has been formulated according to the literature review and Delphi method. According to literature review and the total judgment of the panelist (23 experts specialized in environmental health engineering), 13 physicochemical and biological parameters along with their weights were selected for inclusion in the SPWQI. The results indicated the possibility of calculating a single numerical value (i.e., SPWQI), which indicates the combined effect of significant selected parameters on water quality. In addition, biological composition (47%) had a strong preference weighting than physical and chemical parameters in evaluating the index. Next, it was attempted to implement a novel and user-friendly mathematical model for evaluating the SPWQI. Then, the model accuracy and performance was confirmed by a case study. Overall, it could be said that the assessment of SPWQI sheds light on the concurrent power of several pollutants and can help the authorities to decide upon water quality management and treatment approaches.

Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review.

The microbial safety of swimming pool waters (SPWs) becomes increasingly important with the popularity of swimming activities. Disinfection aiming at killing microbes in SPWs produces disinfection by-products (DBPs), which has attracted considerable public attentions due to their high frequency of occurrence, considerable concentrations and potent toxicity. We reviewed the latest research progress within the last four decades on the regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of DBPs in the context of SPWs. This paper specifically discussed DBP regulations in different regions, formation mechanisms related with disinfectants, precursors and other various conditions, human exposure assessment reflected by biomarkers or epidemiological evidence, and the control and treatment of DBPs. Compared to drinking water with natural organic matter as the main organic precursor of DBPs, the additional human inputs (i.e., body fluids and personal care products) to SPWs make the water matrix more complicated and lead to the formation of more types and greater concentrations of DBPs. Dermal absorption and inhalation are two main exposure pathways for trihalomethanes while ingestion for haloacetic acids, reflected by DBP occurrence in human matrices including exhaled air, urine, blood, and plasma. Studies show that membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes, biodegradation, thermal degradation, chemical reduction, and some hybrid processes are the potential DBP treatment technologies. The removal efficiency, possible mechanisms and future challenges of these DBP treatment methods are summarized in this review, which may facilitate their full-scale applications and provide potential directions for further research extension.

Assessment of Microbiological Safety of Water in Public Swimming Pools in Guangzhou, China.

This study assessed microbiological safety of water from public swimming pools in Guangzhou, China. Water samples from 39 outdoor municipal swimming pools were collected from late June to early September, 2013 and subjected to detection of protozoa (Giardia and Cryptosporidium) and bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginos, total coliforms, E. coli, E. coli O157, Shigella, and Salmonella). Cryptosporidium and Giardia were both detected in 5 (12.8%) swimming pools. Total coliforms were detected in 4 (10.3%) samples with concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 154.0 MPN/100 mL while E. coli was detected in 4 (10.3%) samples with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5.3 MPN/100 mL. P. aeruginosa was detected in 27 (69.2%) samples but E. coli O157, Shigella and Salmonella were not detected. Among these swimming pools, 9 (23%) met the Chinese National Standard of residual chlorine levels and 24 (62%) were tested free of residual chlorine at least once. The multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis showed that all P. aeruginosa isolates belonged to new sequence types (STs) with dominant ST-1764 and ST-D distributed in different locations within the area. Some P. aeruginosa strains were resistant to medically important antibiotics. Results indicate potential public health risks due to the presence of microbiological pathogens in public swimming pools in this area.

[Legal and management issues of public health requirements for swimming pools in Regione Toscana]. / Inquadramento giuridico e gestione delle attività svolte al fine del mantenimento dei requisiti igienico-sanitari negli impianti natatori nella Regione Toscana.

In this paper we describe the laws and rules applying to swimming pools. Authorization activity title for recreational swimming pools is regulated according to articles 80 and 86 of the TULPS R.D.n°773/1931. In Regione Toscana periodic management of the hygienic requirements for swimming pools is regulated by Regional Decree 54R/2015. It requires the evaluation of physical-chemical and microbiological indicators. The law applies to structural and organizational requirements of swimming pools as well as defines responsabilities of managers.

Development of the laboratory prototype "CavyPool" for assessing treatments and materials for swimming pools.

BACKGROUND: Hygiene and surveillance in swimming pools are established by WHO Guidelines and national laws. Progress in water management and pool construction is revolutionizing the field, introducing new materials, systems, disinfection procedures or monitoring markers. Innovation advances challenge the upgrading of safety and quality in pools and the appropriate implementation of guidelines. STUDY DESIGN: In order to provide a device for laboratory test, a prototype was realized and applied to study and compare swimming pool materials and treatments. METHODS: A pool scale-model was engineered and evaluated by computational fluid dynamics algorithms. An automated real time monitoring assured steady state. Critical control points along the water circuit were made accessible to allow the placing of different biocides or water sampling. Simulations were safely performed in a standard hood. Materials for pool surfaces and pipelines were evaluated for biofilm formation under different disinfection conditions. Adherent microorganisms were assayed by mfDNA analysis using real time PCR. RESULTS: The prototype reached the steady state within 5-25 hours under different conditions, showing chemical, physical and fluid-dynamic stability. A method was optimized for testing materials showing their different response to biofilm induction. Several innovative PVC samples displayed highest resistance to bacterial adhesion. CONCLUSIONS: A device and method was developed for testing swimming pool hygienic parameters in laboratory. It allowed to test materials for pools hygiene and maintenance, including biofilm formation. It can be applied to simulate contaminations under different water treatments or disinfection strategies. It may support technical decisions and help policymakers in acquiring evidences for comparing or validating innovative solutions.

Molecular identification of waterborne free living amoebae (Acanthamoeba, Naegleria and Vermamoeba) isolated from municipal drinking water and environmental sources, Semnan province, north half of Iran.

The present study tested 80 samples of municipal, geothermal and recreational water samples for the occurrence of waterborne free living amoebae (FLA) including Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia mandrillaris, Vahlkampfiids and Vermamoeba in Semnan province, North half of Iran. Four sets of primers including JDP1,2 primers, ITS1,2 primers (Vahlkampfiids), 16S rRNABal primers (Balamuthia mandrillaris) and NA1,2 primers (Vermamoeba) were used to confirm the morphological identification. From the 80 water samples tested in the present study, 16 (20%) were positive for the outgrowth of free living amoebae based on the morphological page key. Out of the 34 municipal water samples, 7 (20.6%) were positive for outgrowth of Free living amoeba, belonging to Vermamoeba, Naegleria and Acanthamoeba using molecular tools. Three out of the six investigated hot springs were also contaminated with Naegleria spp. Sequencing of the ITS1,2 region of the Vahlkampfiid isolates revealed the highest homology with N. gruberi (2 isolates), N. australiensis (1 isolate) and N. pagei (3 isolates). This is the first report of N. gruberi in the country. Using morphological and molecular analysis, Balamuthia mandrillaris was undetected in all the water samples. The present study further confirmed the occurrence of potentially pathogenic waterborne free living amoebae in habitats with high human activity. It is of utmost importance that more studies are conducted to evaluate the niches of B. mandrillaris and N. fowleri in Iran and worldwide. Such investigations regarding the relevance of FLA as a hazard to humans, should be brought to the notice of the health authorities.

Ahogamientos asociados con piscinas implicados en casos judiciales de España, 2000-2015 / Afogamentos associados com piscinas em casos judiciais de Espanha, 2000-2015 / Drownings associated with swimming pools concerned in judicial cases from Spain, 2000-2015

Objetivo. Los ahogamientos representan una de las principales causas de mortalidad externa a nivel mundial. El objetivo fue conocer las características del proceso de ahogamiento y su conexión con las condiciones de seguridad de las piscinas de uso colectivo. Método. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo utilizando datos de fuentes judiciales con emplazamiento en la población española durante 2000-2015. Se investigaron datos sociodemográficos, tipos de instalaciones, actividad previa que realizaba la víctima, factores de riesgo y la causa principal del suceso lesivo. Resultados. Se registraron un total de 56 ahogamientos en piscinas, de los que 49 fallecieron. Un 76.8% eran varones, 71.4% menores de edad y el grupo más vulnerable (32.4%) fue el de 5-10 años. El 37.5% de las víctimas no sabía nadar y el 60.7% no estaban solas. Los sucesos se localizaron más habitualmente en piscinas municipales (46.4%). Entre las causas más frecuentes de ahogamiento destacaron la culpa in vigilando del socorrista (19.64%), deficiente supervisión del niño por un adulto (17.86%) y la conducta imprudente de la víctima (14.29%). Se identificaron factores de riesgo relacionados con deficiencias o ausencia de medidas pasivas: barrera de protección del vaso (7.1%), equipamiento de salvamento acuático (7.1%), visibilidad de zona de baño (3.6%) y toma de aspiración de agua desprotegida (1.8%). Conclusiones. Los ahogamientos continúan siendo una importante causa de mortalidad en piscinas de uso colectivo. Para reducir las tasas de ahogamiento y evitar una devaluación de las condiciones de seguridad que malogren los objetivos preventivos es preciso cumplir rigurosamente las normas reglamentarias de piscinas y diseñar estrategias de intervención específicas (AU)

Objetivo. Afogamentos representam uma das principais causas externas de mortalidade no mundo. O objetivo era conhecer as características do processo de afogamento e sua conexão com as condições de segurança das piscinas. Método. Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo, usando dados de fontes judiciais com localização na população espanhola para o período 2000-2015. Foram investigados dados sócio-demográficos, tipos de instalações, atividade anterior realizada a vítima, fatores de risco e a principal causa do evento prejudicial. Resultados. Um total de 56 afogamentos ocorreu em piscinas, das quais 49 morreu. 76.8% eram machos, 71.4% menor e o grupo etário mais vulnerável (32.4%) foi o de 5-10 anos. 37.5% das vítimas não sabia nadar e 60.7% não estavam sozinhos. Eventos foram mais comumente encontrados em piscinas municipais (46.4%). Entre as causas mais freqüentes de afogamento enfatizou falhas na vigilância dos salva-vidas (19.64%), supervisão pobre da criança por um adulto (17.86%) e o comportamento imprudente da vítima (14.29%). Foram identificados factores de risco associados a deficiências ou a ausência de medidas passivas: barreiras de protecção (7.1%), equipamentos de resgate aquático (7.1%), visibilidade na área de banho (3.6%) e bocal de aspiração de água desprotegido (1.8%). Conclusões. Os afogamentos continuam sendo uma importante causa de mortalidade em piscinas para uso público. Para reduzir os índices de afogamentos e para evitar uma desvalorização das condições de segurança que estragam os objectivos de prevenção, nós deve respeitar rigorosamente as normas reguladoras das piscinas tão bem como o desenhar estratégias de intervenção específicas (AU)

Objective. Drownings represent one of the main external causes of mortality worldwide. Our objective was to determine the characteristics of the process of drowning and its connection to the safety conditions of collective use swimming pools. Method. A descriptive observational study using data from judicial sources was conducted with setting in Spanish population during the period of 2000-2015. Socio-demographic data, types of facilities, previous activity held by the victim, risk factors and the main cause of the injurious event were investigated. Results. A total of 56 drowning in swimming pools, of which 49 died, were recorded. There were 76.8% males, 71.4% underage and children 5-10 years were the most vulnerable group (32.4%). 37.5% of victims didn’t know how to swim and 60.7% were not alone. Critical events were commonly found in municipal swimming pools (46.4%). Among the most frequently causes of drowning were included: faults in lifeguards’ vigilance (19.64%), poor adult supervision for children (17.86%) and the reckless behavior of the victim (14.29%). There were identified risk factors related to deficiencies or absence of passive measures: pool fencing (7.1%), equipment of aquatic rescue (7.1%), visibility of bathing area (3.6%) and unprotected water drain suction (1.8%). Conclusions. The drownings remain an important cause of death in swimming pools for public use. To reduce drowning rates and to avoid a downgrading of safety standards that have a negative effect on preventive aims, the swimming pools code must be rigorously complied as well as to design specific intervention strategies (AU)

[Some considerations on revision of legislation Hygiene-sanitary for the management of swimming pools for swimming-pool use and the National Consultation of the Ministry of Health]. / Alcune considerazioni sulla revisione della normativa igienico-sanitaria per la gestione di piscine ad uso natatorio e la Consultazione Nazionale del Ministero della Salute.

After over a decade the Italian regulation on hygiene and surveillance in swimming pools is under revision based on WHO guidelines and current laws from other European countries. The Ministry of Health is proposing an update of the Annex 1 that contains physical, chemical and microbiological indicators for monitoring swimming pool hygiene. The authors review current regulations and the new proposal for updating surveillance. A comparison of Annex 1 as approved in 2003 and the new version as proposed in 2016 allowed to enlighten innovative improvements. The suggested updates underwent a public consultation through an online questionnaire involving citizens and stakeholders, following the required procedure for accessing the final approval of a new regulation. The updates include new requirements and changes involving several controls and microbiological parameters. Safety of recreational waters is presently under revision in different European countries. This updating process is a valuable opportunity to implement critical control points and improve monitoring. The final aim is an optimization of surveillance in terms of efficacy and costs, with an advantage for both the National Health Service as the swimming pool management.

First detection of enteric adenoviruses genotype 41 in recreation spring areas of Taiwan.

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are DNA viruses found in recreational water, such as water parks and swimming pools. Human adenovirus 41 (HAdV-41) is the most common serotype detected and is a leading cause of acute diarrheal disease. The focus of this study is to determine the prevalence of HAdVs in hot springs. Of 57 samples collected from four different geological sites, 16 samples have shown evidence of HAdVs (28.1%). HAdV-41 and porcine adenovirus 5 (PAdV-5) were the two types isolated, with a greater frequency of HAdV-41, which in other settings has been associated with acute diarrhea. The highest occurrence was found in private hot tubs/Yuya (37.5%), followed by an outlet of hot springs (30.8%); public pools and foot pools shared the same detection rate of 21.4% (3/14). However, there was no evidence supporting a link between water quality indicators and HAdV detection rate. From a phylogenic analysis and BLAST against the NCBI database, it was concluded that HAdV-41 obtained from hot spring areas are closely related to global environmental genotypes.

Indoor swimming pool environments and self-reported irritative and respiratory symptoms among lifeguards.

A web survey was conducted among 870 lifeguards (current and former) to assess the relationship between exposure to indoor swimming pool environments and respiratory health. Associations between respiratory symptoms and asthma with varying lengths of occupational exposure were assessed by multiple logistic regression. Lifeguards exposed more than 500 hours in the previous 12 months experienced more cough (adjustedOR = 2.54, IC95 % = 1.51-4.25), throat (aOR = 2.47, IC95 % = 1.44-4.24) and eye irritation (aOR = 4.34, IC95 % = 2.52-7.50) during this period than non-exposed lifeguards. Upper and lower respiratory symptoms while on duty were related to duration of lifetime exposure (> 500 days vs. ≤ 50 days: Upper aOR = 5.84, IC95 % = 3.60-9.50; Lower aOR = 2.53, IC95 % = 1.58-4.06). Physician-diagnosed asthma was high among lifeguards (23 %). Highly exposed asthmatic lifeguards (> 500 hours) over the previous 12 months had a significantly higher risk (aOR = 3.74, IC95 % = 1.39-10.02) of suffering from asthma attack(s) than non-exposed asthmatic subjects. Exposure to indoor swimming pool environments is related to respiratory symptoms among lifeguards.

Joven con Síndrome de Down y natación recreativa: posibilidades hacia la inclusión / Young with Down Syndrome and recreation swimming activity: inclusion posibilities

El propósito del estudio fue analizar las percepciones de los agentes participantes y los factores que inciden en la inclusión de un niño con síndrome de Down (SD) en un programa de natación recreativa. Los participantes fueron: un joven con SD, nueve jóvenes sin discapacidad diagnosticada, la monitora de natación, el coordinador de la actividad y la madre del niño con SD. El presente estudio, basado en una metodología cualitativa, recogió la información a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, observación sistemática y diario de la investigadora. La utilización de un proceso inductivo permitió categorizar la información y obtener los siguientes resultados: es necesaria una mayor coordinación entre los agentes implicados, adaptar el programa en función de las características de todos los participantes, mejorar la formación específica de los técnicos responsables y la fluidez de la comunicación entre los agentes implicados para posibilitar la inclusión del niño con SD a través de la natación recreativa (AU)

The purpose of this study was to analyse the perceptions of the participant agents and factors affecting the inclusion of a child with Down syndrome (DS) in a recreational swimming activity program. Program participants included: a child with DS, nine children without diagnosed disabilities, the swimming instructor, the mother of a child with DS and the coordinator of the activity. This study was based on qualitative research approach and data were collected through semi-structured interviews, systematic observation and research diary. The following results were obtained after the inductive process: the need of greater coordination among those involved, designs appropriate programs based on the characteristics of all participants, improve specific training of technicians responsible as well as improve the communication of the agents participating in order to enable the inclusion of a child with DS in a recreational swimming activity (AU)

Foliculitis por Pseudomonas / Pseudomonas folliculitis

Presentamos el caso clínico de dos hermanas que acuden a la consulta por lesiones cutáneas papulopustulosas, sin otra sintomatología, con antecedente de haber acudido días previos a balnearios y piscinas. La foliculitis por Pseudomonas es una infección cutánea de los folículos pilosos causada por P. aeruginosa, frecuente en personas que usan baños calientes, saunas, piscinas, juegos de agua y piscinas de fisioterapia. Es una infección autolimitada que se resuelve sin dejar lesiones residuales (AU)

We present the case of two sisters who came to the pediatric consultation for papulopustular skin lesions without other symptoms, but a history of being bathed in a public swimming pool and a spa the previous days. Pseudomonas folliculitis is a skin infection of the hair follicles caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is commonly suffered by people who baths in hot tubs, saunas, swimming pools, fountains and physiotherapeutic pools. It is a self-limited infection that resolves without any residual lesion (AU)

Bacteriological quality of some swimming pools in Alexandria with special reference to Staphylococcus aureus.

Swimming pools have been identified as posing some public health risks to users due to either bacterial or chemical contamination. As a result, maintaining good swimming pool water quality is an important issue in preventing health risks for bathers. This study aimed to evaluate the bacteriological quality of some swimming pools in Alexandria and to investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in water samples. A total of 120 water samples from 10 swimming pools were collected. Bacteriological analysis included heterotrophic plate count (HPC) using pour plate method; enumeration of total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and S. aureus by membrane filtration technique. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on isolated S. aureus. Residual chlorine and pH were measured at swimming pools side. HPC was the least complying microbial parameter, followed by TC. S. aureus was recovered from 18 samples; 9 isolates were methicillin resistant S.aureus (MRSA), compared to E. coli that was detected in 7 samples. HPC and TC showed statistically significant correlations with all investigated parameters. In conclusion, the examined pools showed poor quality regarding all examined parameters collectively according to the Egyptian guidelines, which necessitates implementation of proper measures to ensure safer environment in swimming pools.